![]() According to some researchers, with the appearance of the Hebrews, there is also "the exclusion of woman from the God-humanity covenant". ĭomination by men of women is found in the Ancient Near East as far back as 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a woman's reproductive capacity and exclusion from "the process of representing or the construction of history". ![]() Lerner disputes this idea, arguing that patriarchy emerged before the development of class-based society and the concept of private property. In this view, men directed household production and sought to control women in order to ensure the passing of family property to their own (male) offspring, while women were limited to household labor and producing children. ![]() Marxist theory, as articulated mainly by Friedrich Engels in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, assigns the origin of patriarchy to the emergence of private property, which has traditionally been controlled by men. Some scholars point to social and technological events about six thousand years ago (4000 BCE), while others suggest an evolutionary process during a period of resource scarcity in Africa approximately 2 million years ago as the origin of fatherhood, and the beginning of the of patriarchy. Gerda Lerner asserts that there was no single event, and documents that patriarchy as a social system arose in different parts of the world at different times. Strozier, historical research has not yet found a specific "initiating event". Other anthropological, archaeological and evolutionary psychological evidence suggests that most prehistoric societies were relatively egalitarian, and suggests that patriarchal social structures did not develop until after the end of the Pleistocene epoch, following social and technological developments such as agriculture and domestication. The first evidence of patriarchal structures are pointed to, by some researchers, to be placed deep in human evolutionary past at the first signs of sexual division of labour which happened, about 2 million years ago. This concept of patriarchy was developed to explain male dominance as a social, rather than biological, phenomenon. The term was particularly used by writers associated with second-wave feminism such as Kate Millett these writers sought to use an understanding of patriarchal social relations to liberate women from male domination. Historically, the term patriarchy has been used to refer to autocratic rule by the male head of a family however, since the late 20th century it has also been used to refer to social systems in which power is primarily held by adult men. Patriarchy literally means "the rule of the father" and comes from the Greek πατριάρχης ( patriarkhēs), "father or chief of a race", which is a compound of πατριά ( patria), "lineage, descent, family, fatherland" (from πατήρ patēr, "father") and ἀρχή ( arkhē), "domination, authority, sovereignty". Most contemporary societies are, in practice, patriarchal. Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organization of a range of different cultures. Social constructionists contest this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain control over women. Sociobiologists compare human gender roles to sexed behavior in other primates and some argue that gender inequality comes primarily from genetic and reproductive differences between men and women. Sociologists hold varied opinions on whether patriarchy is a social product or an outcome of innate differences between the sexes. ![]() Patriarchy is associated various ideas forming patriarchal ideology that acts to explain and justify it and attributes it to inherent natural differences between men and women, divine commandment or other fixed structures. Patriarchal societies can be patrilineal or matrilineal, meaning that property and title are inherited by the male or female lineage respectively. In these theories it is often extended to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others causing exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of property. It is used, both as a technical anthropological term for families or clans controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males and in feminist theory where it is used to describe broad social structures in which men dominate over women and children. Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are primarily held by men.
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